ORAL COMMUNICATION

DECEMBER LESSON NOTES

ORAL COMMUNICATIONà segmental UnitàSupra segmental unit àspeech actsà speech eventsà conversation

Speech Actà use with a functional meaning

• ·         Order
• ·         Greet
• ·         Ask
• ·         Give information, etc.

DIFFERENTS SPEECH ACTS

• -          Representatives
• -          Directives
• -          Expressives
• -          Conatives
• -     Declaratives
• 
  

-         

                                             - Speech acts

Speech acts theory                                            -->   Conversational linguistic

                                            - Speech events

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

Catalogados como segmetos mínimos denominados: phonosàgraphosàmorphemes } free or bounded

                                                                                                                                      

“Trata que el niño de una respuesta a poner un cuadro”à no son importantes las herramientas, sino los fines para llegar a ello.

Are Speech Acts Universal o Cultural and Language Specific?

      ¨       Accourding to Austin, Searle, Browm à  SON UNIVERSALES

      ¨       Wong, Werzbicka à son universales desde un punto de vista semántico-fonológico. But it´s not              universal what we use, the tools to speak, the body language.

                                       YES                       BUT                     NO

                                          

                       1970-70s/mitad 80                                          1985-90s

                                                                            

Request strategies across languages -->Micro-functional (Searle) / Speech Acts – Speech events

                                   

     ¨       Usando estrategias directas (limpia la cocina, deseo que limpies la cocina…)

     ¨       Estrategias indirectas convencionales

     ¨       Non- convencionally indirect strategies

 

 82% ENGLISH USE CONVENTIONALY INDIRECT

Request Perspectives

       ¨      Hearer-oriented “ Could you clean up the kitchen, please?

       ¨      Speaker-oriented “Do you think I could borrow…?

       ¨      Speaker and hearer oriented “ So, could we tidy up the kitchen soon”

Elements in a request

1. Requester “Do you think…?”

2. Recipient “Could you…?

3. Action/ Request to be personal

ENGLISH      62% SPEAKER- ORIENTED

                       

                       33% HEARER-ORIENTED ( but indirect)

SPEECH ACTS / SPEECH EVENTS

     

      ¨      Attention

      ¨      Head Act

      ¨      Supportive

      ¨      Mitigation Actsà I would like, I wonder, could, i´m afraid

SPEECH ACT THEORY

Speech Acts/ Speech Event

-          Refusal in the work place

Mitigationà En español existen pero no se ven, se denomina “ mitigaciones cero”, no verbalizamos los mitigadores, lo realizamos tonales, es decir, la entonación al decir un frase, ascendente, descendente. En inglés se utilizan los mitigadores verbales

1. Interrogative “ Could you do…?

2. Mitigar desde la negación. “ I wonder if you wouldn´t mind….”

3. Mitigar Past Tense “ I wanted to ask…”

4. Embedded “if” clause ( I would appreciate it if you…)

LEXICAL

1. Consultative devices “Do you think I could…?”

2. Understates “Could you tidy up a bit before I start? -->Mitigas, muy importante.

3. Hedges “I would really help if you did something about the kitchen”

4. Down toner “If you could me perhaps…”  “May be, occasionally”

Supportives moves àTodo lo que se dice antes de la idea principal. Depende de la frase irá ante de la mitigación o después.